Chris Wallace, will consider doctoral studies as a crucible for change in the memoirs of historian Sheila Fitzpatrick and writer Biff Ward. Doctoral studies led each to move from Australia to Britain in the early 1960s. Fitzpatrick undertook a DPhil in Soviet History at the University of Oxford. Ward went as the young pregnant wife of historian husband and PhD scholarship-holder Ken, having earlier experienced life as the child of PhD candidate Russel Ward during his doctoral studies at ANU in the 1950s.